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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
una  image  reprod'Mte,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


n 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 


n 


D 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Fyj^  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
I I    Pages  d^colordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Enci-e  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noike) 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

r~y  Showthrough/ 
11    Transparence 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  in^gale  de  Timpression 


r~7\    Bound  with  other  material/ 
ULJ    Ftelid  avec  d'autres  documents 


□ 


Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  dd  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  msilieure  image  possible. 


n 


Additional  comments;/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires.- 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  gr«kce  d  la 
g4n6rosit6  de: 

Bibliothdque  natior^ale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quaSity 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^'(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impiession  ou  d'ilh;stration,  coit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmes  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  p^^ge  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  --^  signifio  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


W..  "■ 

- 

: 

1 

'"^1 


/^ 


Cost,  CMracler  and  Utility 


OF 


ExistingGreatLakes,Champlain 


AND 


St.  Lawrence  Improvements. 


THOMAS  C  KEEPER,  C.  E., 

OTTAWA,  CANADA. 


First  Annual  Convention 


OF  THE 


Iflternational  Deep  Waterways  Association, 

CLEVELAND,  SEPT.  24,  25,  26,  1895. 


1835: 

\V.  M.  IJayne  PriiUinjf  Company, 

Cleveland,  O. 


/ 


*■■.■>     « 


fi 


>\ 


h 


s  y- 


Cost,  Character  and  Utility  of  Existing  Great  Lal<es.  Chaml 
plain  and  St.  Lawrence  Improvements.^' 


THOMAS  C.  KKEFKR,  C.  E., 
Ottawa,  Canada. 


I  have  delayed  acknowledgment  of  the  invitation,  with  which  I  liait 
been  honored,  to  attend  the  first  annual  convention  of  the  International  I 
Waterway  Association,  to  be  held  at  Cleveland  next  week,  until  I  c;; 
know  whether  I  would  be  able  to  accept  or  not.  I  have  also  been  lionwji 
by  an  invitation  from  your  president  to  present  a  paper  on  the  subject^ 
the  approaching  convention,  which  would  contain  some  basis  of  estimat 
for  a  deeper  water  v\-ay  between  Lake  Erie  and  tidewater. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  prepare  a  paper  because  I  do  not  think  Icorl 
add  anything  to  the  one  read  by  me  before  the  World's  Commerce  Cougra 
in  1893,  at  Chicago,  on  the  same  subject;  but  desire  to  contribute  tlielitlli 
I  am  able  to  do  to  a  project  of  such  continental  interest. 

The  international  feature  of  your  association  assumes  an  interiiatiou 
route  for  the  deep  waterways  at  whatever  point  they  may  reach  tidewate 
and  this  seems  to  me  now  to  be  the  most  important  question  coune 
with  the  subject,  though  doubtless  because  the  association  is  not  yet  iii| 
position  to  express  an  opinion  upon  it. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  New  York  is  the  most  important  lerniinusl 
a  deep  waterway  from  the  lakes  to  the  ocean,  because  it  is  the  most  imp 
ant  market  on  this  continent,  and  that  Montreal  is  the  nearest  pointy 
tidewater  and  upon  the  shortest  route  to  Europe  from  the  great  lakes- 
international  route,  via  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  Champlain,  isinl 
judgment  the  only  suitable  one  for  the  class  of  vessels  which  deep  vntfl 
ways  on  the  lakes  will  develop,  the  only  one  which  will  make  lake[ 
(including  Buffalo)  sea  ports,  and  the  only  one  which  can  coinpetei 
railways,  because  it  has  the  maximum  of  wide,  deep  water  and  tlie  iiiinin 
of  artificial  channel,  as  also  the  minimum  of  lockage  to  tidewater  atS 
treal,  and  is  capable  of  the  same  to  New  York. 

It  is  to  be  assumed  that  the  steel  fleet,  the  cost  and  annual  capacilj 
which  is  already  enumerated  by  millions  of  dollars  and  millions  of  t( 
will  not  long  remaia  ice-bound  above  Niagara,  and  therefore  the  que! 
of  route,  on  which  the  cost  both  of  construction   and  transportationj 
pends,  is  not  a  premature  one.     The    natural  channel  depth  of  I 
Lawrence  between   its  rapids  is  at  least  30  feet,  with  ample  widthi 
where  deepening  is  required  in  approaching  its  cauals. 

These  are  conditions  of  traction  on  which  economy,  safety  aiuleffia 
depend,  and  can  be  obtained  on  no  other  route. 

*[NOTE.— I,etter,  Sept.  20,  1895,  to  Executive  Secretary  Frank  A.  Flower. 


-3  — 


>at  Lakes,  Cham*] 
sments.='' 


on,  with  which  I  \m\ 

the  International  Dttjj 

xt  week,  until  1  coal 

lave  also  heen  honon 

paper  on  the  subjectd 

some  basis  of  estimil 

ater. 

:  I  do  not  thinklcojlj 

d's  Commerce  Coug 

( to  contribute  the  liitk 

;rest. 

ssumes  an  intenialiosi 

ey  may  reach  tiilewate 

Lant  question  coiuiectt 

ociation  is  not  yet  itj 

important  terniinusli 
Lse  it  is  the  most  iinp^ 
lis  the  nearest  pointy 
from  the  great  lakes- ' 
ike  Champlain,  is  in  I 
•ssels  which  deep«tj 

;h  will  "lake  lakef 

rhichcau  competei 
water  ami  tbeminini 

ige  to  tidewater  at  SI 

^t  and  annual  capacity 
irs  and  millions  of  W 
fd  therefore  the  que 

and  transportation 
fhannel  depth  of  thj 

with  ample  width  «^ 

iuals.  ^ 

|omy,  safety  and  effic«| 
trank  A.  Flower.) 


With  the  exception   of  the  canal  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  the  Canadian 

ilarged  system,  designed  twenty-five  years  ago  and  still  incomplete,  has 

Jing  since  been  outgrown  by  the  development  of  the  upper  lake  commerce* 

|tit  will  be  useful  among  other  things  as  a  raison  d'etre  for  your  conven- 

Bn;  and,  if  completed  during  the  century,  may  show  enough  improvement 

ithe  present  conditions  of  transportation  to  give  impetus  to  your  greater 

ndertaking.    There  is  no  hope  of  anything  further  being  considered  here 

lu  Canada]  until  the  present  enlargement  is  completed.     If  the  addition  of 

Ivefeet  to  the  draught  between  Ontario  and  the  sea  is  considered  of  suffi- 

^ent  importance  by  your  convention,  as  bearing  on  the  question  of  a  still 

realer  depth,  a  resolution   from  such  an  iuflv  ential  body   favoring  the 

^rliest  possible  completion  of  the  St.  Lawrence  canals,  should  have  the 

^eatest  possible  weight  (from  its  international  character)  with  theauthori- 

fcs  in  Ottawa. 

As  to  cost:    The  total  cost  of  the  Canadian'canal  system  between  Lake 
tie  and   Montreal,  when   completed    for   14  feet  draught  of  water,  will 
(about  $60,000,000,  of  which  $15,000,000  represents  the  expenditure  prior 
the  present  enlargement,  leaving  $45,000,000  for  the  cost  of  new  and 
ilarged  work,  including  one  entirely  new  canal  to  replace  the  Beauharnois, 
^d  an    entirely  new    route     for  almost  the    whole    of    the  lockage    on 
le  Welland  canal.     All  the  work  of  excavations  made  previous  to  the  pres- 
et enlargement  and  utilized  in  the  latter,  would  not  represent  $10,000,000, 
obably  aot  more  than  half  that  sum,  thus  giving  the  cost  of  these  canals 
Bth  locks    270x45    feet    in  the    chamber    and  14  feet  draught  of  water, 
uewhere  about  $50,000,000. 

In  any  new  canal  the  locks  would  be  reduceddn  number,  possibly  one- 
\\l    The  new  Soulanges  canal,  nearly  fourteen  miles  long,  overcomes  the 
me  lockage  as  the  Beauharnois  canal,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  St.  Law" 
nee,  with  less  than  half  the  number  of  locks. 
P'or  the  Welland  and  Lachine  the  last  enlargement  is  the  third  con- 
uction,  and  for   all  the  others,    the  second.    The  spoil-banks  of  one 
aeration  were  again  removed  by  the  next  and  the  work  of  enlargement 
|is  carried  on  subject  to  the  maintenance  of  navigation,  and  hampered  by 
sted  interests  created  by  the  first  canijl.     The  number  of  locks  is  exces- 
|e.    Engineering,  inspection,  etc.,  have  been  extended  over  a  quarter  of  a 
atury  for  an  amount  of  work  which  could  have  been  carried  out  as  a 
kiness  enterprise  in  one-fifth  of  the  time — the  whole  constructed  as  a 
fblic  work,  and  all  which  that  implies. 

These  are  all  the  conditions  and  considerations  we  are  in  possession 
,  in  the  absence  of  location  and  survey,  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  probable 
bt  of  carrying  20  feet  draught  from  Lake  Erie  to  tidewater  at  Mon- 
|al  by  an  independent  system  of  canals  where  practicable,  and  in  connec- 
fn  with  the  existing  cartals  where  that  would  be  preferable. 

With  the  modern  appliances  for  handling  large  amounts  of  excavation 

ove  and  below  water,  a  20-foot  canal   between   Lake  Erie  and  Montreal 

^h  the  larger  locks  required  ought  not  to  very  much  exceed  the  amounts 

fich  Canada  has  already  expended  upoti  her  canals  between  these  points. 

any  such  work  no  doubt  a  much  wider  margin,  between  the  keel  and 


—  4  — 


sides  of  the  vessel  and  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  canal,  would  be  adoptri  I 
for  traction  purposes,  on  these  short  canals,  in  that  respect  increasing  cosl 
in  comparison  with  present  canals. 

For  the  connection  of  the  St.  Lawrence  with  Lake  Champlain  in  CaiiJ 
dian  territory,  surveys  and  estimates  have  been  made  by  the  late  Jdlm  i| 
Jervis  and  others.  The  intervening  country  is  most  favorable,  and  tlu  t  lij 
cost  of  reaching  Lake  Champlain  from  the  point  of  departure  on  tiie  $i| 
Lawrence  should  not  exceed  that  of  reaching  Montreal. 

The  section  on  which  information  is  needed  for  an  international  roml 
to  New  York,  is  that  between  deep  water  in  Lake  Champlain  an    deepuair 
in  the  Hudson,  on  the  plan  of  making  Lake  Champlain  the  feeder  oft 
canal. 


wouU\  be  adov'itJl 
ecV  mcrea9inj;coslj 

[y  the  late  johnlj 
orable.andthetotiT 
ieparture  on  t\ie  S 

ti  international  roU 
iplaina.      leepv 
in  the  feevleroft 


